Ethnocentrism with Whom Resides the Heart of Darkness

Ethnocentrism 1 Ethnocentrism With Whom Resides the Heart of Darkness? Antonio Arevalo James Campbell High School Ethnocentrism 2 Abstract This paper discusses Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrads most acclaimed novel, and attempts to determine what the heart of darkness that Conrad speaks of is. I found, through my interpretations, that the heart of darkness is the ethnocentrism that Europeans maintained in the age of colonialism. More specifically, this ethnocentrism brought about sweeping ignorance and failed to erect a bridge between the Europeans and the newly discovered African natives in the book. Ethnocentrism 3 Critically lauded as one of the foremost novels of the twentieth century, Heart of Darkness has†¦show more content†¦For instance, Kurtz played the African people, enjoying and encouraging their pagan devotion to him. He simply would not have been able to exploit such people in Europe. The Africans were merely simple people. Ethnocentrism 5 Conrad, though he may seem racist in our postcolonial perspective, had the best intentions, attacking an issue, that, at the time Heart of Darkness was published, was a major hot spot in the world. Slowly but surely, ethnocentrism in Europe is slowly diminishing, fading from the long fatigue of maintaining Africa as the civilized continents foil. Ethnocentrism 6 Works Cited Achebe, Chinua. (1977). An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness Massachusetts Review. Conrad, Joseph. (1990). Heart of Darkness. Dover: Dover Publications. Kenney, Jeff. (n.d.). Exhuming Mistah Kurtz: The Meaning of Heart of Darkness in the Post-Colonial Climate. Culcom.net. Retrieved January 27, 2006, from http://www.culcom.net/~shadow1/conrad_essay.htm Mwikisa, Peter. (2000, April). Conrads image of Africa: Recovering African voices in Heart of Darkness. Mots Pluriels. Retrieved January 27, 2006, from

The Journey Of Cultural Practices - 1370 Words

Framework Overview Although referred to as the â€Å"competing values framework† the mainstay of this theory is to recognize the many dynamics aspects it takes in managerial personnel to effectively operate a financially sound organization. Although sufficient in describing the four differencing administration styles, controller, competitor, creator and the clan leader, this framework limits itself by conflicting each value as independently working against one another instead of encompassing a wraparound approach as used in Public Health, seen in (appendix A) where more fluid dynamics interplay in both the internal and external aspects of the agency providing for more client-centered, population-focused, community-based services through well-matched system approaches. Of note, not one of the four identified approaches has been proven to be more effective than another, however in totality, much like an interdisciplinary team approach to services, when incorporated equally, each skill set complem ents the overall goal of the agency. Organizational Leadership The Journey of Cultural Practices in End of Life Care initiative is a program under the umbrella of public health and as such reports the stakeholders formed of by the Board of Commissioners. The program coordinator is the current hospice social worker who will instill a less formal style of governance, according to the by-laws of the agency. Unlike the hierarchal and marketing approach of public health, which focuses on theShow MoreRelatedHlt 324v Week 4 Complete Latest1462 Words   |  6 PagesDescribe the spectrum of death and dying rituals and practices. Why are death and dying rituals so significant? HLT 324V Week 4 Discussion 2 What death and dying practices are contrary to your personal beliefs or chosen religious values? How will you support a patient’s death and dying rituals and practices, and still honor your own? HLT 324V Week 4 Case Study: Through the Eyes of the Patient and the Health Care Professional Topic: Spiritual and Cultural Emphases on Death and Dying Allied health professionalsRead MoreDiscrimination Against Women s Human Rights1005 Words   |  5 Pagesas well. A barrier that indigenous people must overcome in their journey to achieving complete equality and their basic human rights is social acceptance and their rights to culture (Donnelly 1989: 215). Indigenous peoples, regardless of origin, have differences in their beliefs and practices that might conflict with those of the society that they live in. Jack Donnelly writes in his Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice, chapter 12, â€Å"Group Rights and Human Rights† that Indigenous communitiesRead MoreGlobalization : A Journey Through Globalisation Essay1246 Words   |  5 Pagesis controversial, especially in the recent global economic situation. It is difficult to define globalisation because different disciplines use differing measures to study globalisation, for example ‘economic interdependence, technological change, cultural homogenisation or the growing importance of global institutions’ (Feyter 2007: 3) are all factors used by authors investigating global processes. In the general sense, economic globalisation is ‘as ancient as commercial trade’ and it ‘resulted fromRead MoreStuart Halls Cultural Identity and Diaspora1599 Words   |  7 PagesOuahani Nasr-edine A Paper about Stuart Hall’s article: Cultural Identity and Diaspora Stuart hall talks about the crucial role of the â€Å"Third Cinemas† in promoting the Afro-Caribbean cultural identities, the Diaspora hybridity and difference. Hall argues that the role of the â€Å"Third Cinemas† is not simply to reflect what is already there; rather, their crucial role is to produce representations which constantly constitute the third world’s peoples as new subjects against their representationsRead MoreMarco Polo, the outsider; Ibn Battuta, the insider Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesPolo and the Moroccan Jurist Ibn Battuta became famous for having managed to perform extremely long distance journeys away from their home country. At the end of their long travels, both men shared their experiences with the world via the books, The Travels of Marco Polo and The Travels of Ibn Battuta. An analysis of those two texts reveals two things. On one hand, Marco Polo remained a cultural outsider to the people he met during his travels, thus enhancing hi s power of observation and stimulatingRead MoreMy Experience At Washington State University945 Words   |  4 PagesThese experiences led me towards exceptional memories and a journey that has shaped the path toward my internship with PwC in Seattle. While in China during my study abroad trip I realized that I gained a new insight on culture and the unique differences in others; overcoming various challenges such as adapting to cultural differences, learning Mandarin, and even eating various traditional delicacies such as chicken feet. However, the cultural differences captivated me – the understanding of power distanceRead MoreReflection In The Photo-Cultural-Ecological Journey786 Words   |  4 PagesWrite a brief reflection on the activity  (no more than  3  pages).  What did you learn about yourself and others?  What implications might this have on your own classroom practice? In the â€Å"Photo-Cultural-Ecological Journey† activity I learned that everyone is shaped and molded occurring to their experiences in life. I was able to perceive that regardless of how good or bad your experiences were, it serves as a life map and provides a picture of where you once were and where you are headed. The fiveRead MoreThe Map Of India, By Aparna Sen s Indian / English Movie, Mr. And Mrs.871 Words   |  4 Pagesbecomes very complex as you learn that there are many different religion practices and cultural beliefs. India is a country where the citizens’ live strictly by religion and tradition, by following their castes. It is that, that keeps them strong and has helped them survived for hundreds of years. Correspondingly, in Aparna Sen’s Indian/English movie, â€Å"Mr. and Mrs. Iyer†, the main actor, Raja, survives the dangerous journey solely because he is associated to a â€Å"Tamilian Brahmin† caste. The film highlightsRead MoreL osing The Color Blind Mind Essay883 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing recognized of their contribution to society. In addition students from a specific ethnic backgrounds miss opportunities to deepen their knowledge about other ethnic groups (critical constructivist). Collectively peoples social, historical, and cultural knowledge shapes who they are. Kincheloe, Joe L. (2005) highlights to acquire knowledge it’s misleading to assume it’s based merely on memorizing facts and truths. Kincheloe continues to claim that â€Å"critical constructivist† attempt to maximize ourRead MoreCultural Diversity And A Multicultural Society1371 Words   |  6 Pagesholistic care includes each and every aspect of health. This includes, but isn’t limited to physical, intellectual, emotional, and significantly cultural dimensions. In order for nurses to provide transcultural care, they need to be knowledgeable to understand significance of cultural diversity and take measures to p rovide culture competent care. Cultural diversity is a broad term that according to Lynn (2015), â€Å"Culture, ethnicity, and race- is an integral component of both health and illness,† (p

Prometheus Painting and Myth free essay sample

The representation of the mythical story in the painting Prometheus Bound. This paper discusses the work, from the Baroque Era, of Peter Paul Rubens, whose Prometheus Bound is seen as one of the finest examples of a myth being used to tell a contemporary story. The meaning of the myth is examined through an analysis of the paintings light, form, style and images. Myths are the stories that lend meaning to the unexplained. Why does season follow season? How did humanity come to be? What is the origin of fire? These are but some of the mysteries explained in countless tales, plays, and works of art. Medieval man sought meaning in the Bible. The cathedrals of Europe glistened with windows of stained glass, each jewel-like work telling a different instructional tale. In the Renaissance, Europe rediscovered the world of Greece and Rome, and the learned found new meanings in classical myth and legend. We will write a custom essay sample on Prometheus: Painting and Myth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Kings and princes likened themselves to gods and heroes, and artists explored the interplay of fantasy and reality. Mythic stories were used as illustrations of the human condition. In brilliant color and bold form, painters captured the heart and soul of their world, the figures of myth and fantasy serving as representations of popular belief. This age of allegory reached its height in the Baroque Era, the era of Peter Paul Rubens, whose Prometheus Bound is one of the finest examples of a myth being used to tell a contemporary story. It is also an image of the entire Baroque world.

The Renaissance Era

Introduction The renaissance era refers to the period between the fourteenth century and the seventeenth century when a transformational wave moved across Europe. This paper seeks to discuss the history of the renaissance period. The paper will look at the history of some people and events that took place during the period.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Renaissance Era specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More King Arthur’s Biography King Arthur was born in Britain in the region of Tintagel. Information about his time of birth is not clearly defined. It is however agreed that Arthur was the only son to Uther Pendrago and Igraine. With his birth coming at a time when magic was a much developed practice, Arthur’s birth is believed to have been prophesied and a product of magic which was enlisted by his father. Arthur was upon his birth taken away from his parents, subject to the agreement that h is father, Uther, made with Merlin the magician, that Arthur would grow as Merlin wanted. Arthur was therefore taken care of Sir Ector who nourished the boy (Cutler, 2009). Even though Arthur was raised away from his farther, nature also later dictated this as his farther died, in a battle when Arthur was still a child. Arthur received the help of Merlin to reclaim the kinship of his father. Using his magic, marline had â€Å"set a sword in a stone† and made a contest out of it from the contenders of the kinship (Caerleon, n.d.). The person who withdrew the sword would become the king. It was Arthur who managed to by chance withdraw the sword thus becoming king after his father. On taking the throne, King Arthur organized his group and fought Saxons who had been advancing to take over the country. King Arthur then built a strong emperor at Camelot where with his knights (Caerleon, n.d.). Arthur also led the search for the Holy Grail, which they believed would help cure all di seases. A civil war, however, broke in the territory and Arthur was critically wounded. He was sneaked away from the battle and treated though his body is then believed to have mysteriously disappeared (Caerleon, n.d.). Queen Mary (Bloody Mary)’s Biography Queen Mary, also known as Mary Tudor was born in the year 1516 to king Henry the eighth and Catherine Aragon. She was the only child who managed to survive past child hood. Mary was accorded a superior education under which she learnt many languages among them: Latin, French, Spanish, and Italian among others.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She was also talented in arts and had passion in music apart from embroidery. Mary was forced to live separately from her parents who were to be divorced due to domestic wrangles. Her mother had not been able to give birth to a boy, an issue that did not please the king. The life o f Mary changed for worse as the differences between her parents spilled over to her. She became a victim of her father’s harsh treatments. She was for example forbidden from communicating with her mother. The turn of events saw Mary loose her status as a princes and value and respect that was accorded to her reduced. She was later ordered out of her special residence and taken into her step mother’s house where she was highly humiliated. In the new residence, Mary’s jewelry was taken from her and her servants withdrawn. A series of events, including her mother’s death, occurred before she could be allowed back into the king’s court. At the age of thirty seven, Mary was crowned the queen of England. After being crowned, Mary repealed of her parents’ divorce through parliament. Her marriage to Philip, a Spaniard, however shadowed her throne as her subjects never trusted strangers and feared being ruled by external forces. Mary also moved to re store papal supremacy in England. However, there existed resentments and rebellion from protestant churches leading to her move to order the burning of protestant church leaders who led the opposing moves. She later died and was replaced by her half-sister (Home, 2011). Why King Arthur was Instrumental to Change King Arthur is credited for peace that was realized in England during his reign. At the time of his rule and even prior, the territory was under constant attacks from enemies. Arthur undertook missions of war in his steps to defend the British territory from its enemies. Arthur subdued his enemies through the battles using his mysterious sword that he had received from a hand that had come from under water in a lake. It is upon the establishment of his power to crush enemies that Britain enjoyed â€Å"a long period of peace and security† (Lacy, 2001). King Arthur was therefore instrumental in the transformation of security and peace that was later experienced in the t erritory after he instilled fear upon his enemies (Lacy, 2001). Why Queen Mary was Instrumental to Change Mary is significantly recognized to have brought about religious changes in England during her time as the queen. Being a strong catholic faithful, Mary took it as her responsibility to restore the position of the Catholic Church which had been over time eroded. Among the changes realized at the time was the restoration of pope as the head of the church in England.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Renaissance Era specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The authority of the pope and the Catholic Church had been compromised by Mary’s father and her half brother that was aligned to the protestant churches. Mary reversed the changes that had been done by her father and half brother to favor the protestant churches by reestablishing the catholic mass and banning practices like the holly communion. Tho se who protested Mary’s changes were burned in an act that killed about three hundred people (History, 2011). The Black Plague The black plague, also referred to as bubonic plague was caused by a type of fleas that inhabits rat’s bodies. When bitten by the fleas, a deadly disease would be injected into a person’s body. The disease originated from China through trade interaction, the plague widely spread in Europe and killed many people. In England alone, and in a span of two years, the plague killed about one and a half million people out of the then four million population of England. Since the plague had no cure, people were grounded with starvation as outsiders were also afraid to interact with the plagued community. After the plague, the demand for laborers to work in farms was high and the local rulers encouraged movement of peasants from their homes into the lord’s fields to provide labor in their farms. Movements of people were by then restricted b y feudal laws which provided that peasants were to move from their homes only on permissions from their lords. The movements were further restricted after the plague to enable the lords control the peasants who were their source of labor. The statute of laborers which were introduced to control the movements of people resulted to a revolution by the peasants. The plague is for this reason perceived to have been instrumental in the revolution (History, 2011). Battle of Agincourt The battle of Agincourt was a war fought between the English and the French in the year 1415. The number of the French army was so high compared to the English force. However, the French were not as organized as the English and the abrupt raid by the English gave the French a surprising defeat. The result of the battle was the mass destruction of the French troops who were either killed or held captives by the English. The war left France a weak territory as most of its royal leaders died in the battle. Franc e then broke into civil war that further weakened it. As a result, a treaty was later signed that recognized Henry, the English king as the heir of the French kinship. There was therefore a change in the French leadership (Gumm, n.d.). Impacts of the Invention Of the Printing Press and Telescope The printing press was invented in the fifteenth century as a result of numerous developments that ranged from trade to other printing elements such as block printing and developments in inks. One of the impacts of the press was the improved communications that enhanced the spread of information among people and places.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The effects of the invention of the printing press were the spread of religious views among European religious activists in the fifteenth and sixteenth century. The establishment of the printing press helped to a great extent in facilitating religious revolutions. Europe was predominantly made up of Roman Catholic religion and a small percentage of Jewish religion by the time of the invention. There was however protestant developments that were fueled by the press and this yielded a number of divisions in the religion arena. By the sixteenth century, more faiths such as the Lutheran, Calvinist among others had spread throughout Europe by the aid of the printing press. The discovery therefore had impacts in the religious developments. The development of the printing press also facilitated the development in science. It enhanced communications of scientific discoveries for comparisons and as well improved the studies in science just like in other academic fields (Crompton, 2004). The invention of the telescope also had positive impacts on the study of science in astronomy. Before the invention of the telescope, scientists relied on the naked eye to make observations into the space. This put limitations regarding what could be observed. Upon its discovery, the telescope facilitated a number of discoveries into the space. Telescopes have aided research into the universe revealing properties such as the dark matter. It has therefore had a significant impact in research science (Melville, 2006). Biography of Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci was born in April 1452 in the Italian town of Vinci. Da Vinci was a key figure in the revolutionary renaissance in Italy. He was actively involved in a variety of fields such as â€Å"architect, music, anatomy, inventions, engineering, sculptor and painting† (Italian, n.d.). Leonardo was born to parents with a humble background. He spent his early live staying with his father. His drawings captivated his father who then showed them to a painter by the name Andrea. Leonardo was then taken by Andrea into school to study painting. Leonardo was later employed in a workshop where he helped develop weapons for a Milan war. He also served as a â€Å"military architect and engineer† (Italian, n.d., p. 1) in Florence under the rule of Borgia (Italian, n.d.). Leonardo made landmarks in many places and fields in his lifetime. He later died in the year 1519 in France (Italian, n.d.). Techniques used in Mona Lisa Painting One of the painting techniques used in the Mona Lisa painting is referred to as sfumato which was used to develop â€Å"translucent brush strokes† (Davis, 2009). Da Vinci also employed a number of other techniques such as oil layering. The sfumato technique was used to create the smiling expression and brush strokes. The techniques have helped in the preservation of the picture over a long period of time. Essence of the Mona Lisa Work The Mona Lisa picture is a reflection of the fashion that was encountered in Florence at the time. The dressing style given to the portrait is a characteristic of the then style in that particular town (Gombrish, n.d). The Mona Lisa painting has also been described as that of a woman who is â€Å"simply and conservatively dressed† (Benson, 2001, p. 1). The woman in the figure appears to be â€Å"chaste, reserved, restrained and almost otherworldly† (Benson, 2001, p. 1). In view of Benson’s (2001) description of the painting, the Mona Lisa picture is a reflection of the ancient woman before the liberalization and empowerment of women. The picture described a woman who is not independent but rather submissive to some forces that she allows to control her life (Benson, 2001). The painting at the same time communicates a forecast in to the current time in which women are more confident of their stature. With â€Å"nothing to hide and a direct gaze† (Benson, 2001, p. 1), Mona Lisa is a representation of a confident woman who is a characteristic of the present woman. It can therefore be concluded that the Mona Lisa painting was an integrated art that represented the society as at that time as well as a projection of the society in later centuries in relation to the affairs of women in the society (Benson, 2001). References Benson, J. (2001). The renaissance and Barogue. Retrieved from: http://artofthefirebird.com/writing/baroque.pdf Caerleon. (n.d.). King Arthur- the legend. Retrieved from: http://www.caerleon.net/history/arthur/page2.htm Crompton, W. (2004). The printing press. New York, NY: Infobase. Cutler, W. (2009). The birth of king Arthur. Retrieved from: http://www.battle1066.com/arthur.shtml Gombrish, E. (n.d.). Mona Lisa. Retrieved from: http://www.arlindo-correia.com/020602.html Gumm, I. (n.d.). The battle of Agincourt-25th October 1415. Retrieved from: http://inthefootsteps.org.uk/Articles/EarlyBattles/Agincourt/Agincourt.htm History. (2011). Mary I. Retrieved from: htt p://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/Mary1.htm Home. (2011). Mary Tudor. Retrieved from: http://home.earthlink.net/~elisale/ Italian. (n.d.). Leonardo Da Vinci. Retrieved from: http://italian.classic-literature.co.uk/leonardo-da-vinci/leonardo-da-vinci.asp Lacy, J. (2001). King Arthur. Retrieved from: http://www.angelfire.com/realm/shades/demons/arthur.htm Melville, A. (2006). The impacts of the invention and development of the telescope on astronomy. Retrieved from: http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/~bclarke/AST199M/Telescopes.htm This research paper on The Renaissance Era was written and submitted by user Duncan Adkins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Generic Benchmarking

Generic Benchmarking Free Online Research Papers The Coastal County Clerk of Court’s challenge to integrate technology into their antiquated business function, streamlining processes, and controlling outsourced project cost to make their governing office more productive and efficient. Hence, one of the overwhelming obstacles in this change initiative is in the organizational cultural obstacles with the old leadership team with the court offices. The recent elections awarded a new business leader and strategy to tackle the change initiative with the county clerks office. However, inevitable conflict will establish a need for intervention, mediation, and possible arbitration to deal with the need to introduce the three strategic approaches to resolution. â€Å"Pursuant to the Administration Dispute Resolution Act of 1996 and a recent White House Presidential Memorandum, federal agencies are implementing forms of alternative dispute resolution for discriminative complaints (Binghman, Chesmore, Moon, Napoli, 2000. p.5). A comparative analysis of in-house and outside neutral mediator models was conducted within the United States Postal Service to challenge the EEOC complaint process. Between 1994 to1998, a mediation pilot program was introduced in Florida to focus on the mediation program named REDRESS (Resolve Employment Disputes Reach Equitable Solutions Swiftly). REDRESS’ objective was to examine the immediate benefits of using outsourced neutral third party firms to resolve equal opportunity disputes. The end-result of USPS’ approach has proven very significant. Hence, â€Å"there has been substantial research on the use of outside neutral mediators to resolve grievances arising under a collective bargaining ag reement (Binghman, Chesmore, Moon, Napoli, 2000. p. 9).† The results of this testing module indicate that all participants in the outside model that were subject to outside mediation reported a significantly high-satisfactory score than those tested using inside mediation. â€Å"Process fairness, mediator impartiality, fairness, skill and performance, and satisfaction with the outcome, outcome relevant to expectations, and long term effects of the outcome were all measured with the results presented higher for outside neutral mediator processes (Binghman, Chesmore, Moon, Napoli, 2000. p. 14).† â€Å"The Lighter Amphibian Heavy-Lift (LAMP-H) Project was initiated by the U.S. Army to support ground troops during amphibian assault missions. This machine will function as a craft in moving supplies from large carrier ships to shore. Furthermore, moving over the surface of water and then transitioning to movement over land (Sutterfield, Friday-Stroud Shivers-Blackwell, (2007. p.223).† The need for this new technology will be introduced and received with mixed responses from the project management team, the acquisition strategy team, and the RD centers. During the time of inception two significant leadership changes almost altered the viability of the project. The organizational changes meant that a new Project/Program Manager (PEO) would be responsible for sponsoring the acquisitions of LAMP-H. â€Å"As the new PEO accepted his new role, it became apparent that he neither understood the significance of the program not it’s Acquisition Strategy (Sutterfield, Friday-Stroud Shivers-Blackwell, (2007. p. 228).† The second leadership change was the Product Manager. This promotion came directly from the Department of Defense with a respectable acquisition background. Last, the project manager for the LAMP-H was promoted to Deputy Product Manager (DPM), and has never slowed down his support for the new design. Furthermore, â€Å"the new PEO’s lack of knowledge about the basic acquisition process prevented him from understanding any new innovations to the acquisition process. Additionally, the PEO preferred to abstain from conflict with disagreements that the department managers and workers had with the new PM and the DPM regarding the new approaches taken with respect to the project (Sutterfield, Friday-Stroud Shivers-Blackwell, (2007. p. 228).† Organizational Conflict Management has three main domains that would have contributed to the success of this project, which are Collaboration, Compromise, and Force. Hence, the program destruction was apparent when the PEO continually delayed and neglected the required acquisition strategies that needed his attention, and failed to understand or seek help in understanding the complexity of the RD program. â€Å"More specifically, the attempts by the various types of organizational conflicts that occurred throughout the LAMP-H project led to costly people, plan, and process deviations. Moreover, the attempts by the various stakeholders to increase the expected performance of the LAMP-H without corresponding increased the budget and timelines to account for increased cost and scheduling, led to increased level of risk, and ultimately the demise of the LAMP-H project (Sutterfield, Friday-Stroud Shivers-Blackwell, 2007. p. 230).† â€Å"The traditional method for handling those disputes is the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) administrative complaint process. In this process, an employee files an informal complaint alleging discrimination, and an equal employment opportunity counselor (a USPS employee) engages in informal efforts to resolve the dispute (Binghman, Chesmore, Moon, Napoli, 2000. p. 6).† The inception of a third part neutral mediation program offers an option to alternative dispute resolution by allowing employees the right to choose. The primary conflict of unfair treatment, which is best suited for a third party mediator. Hence, â€Å"the key features of fairness of the process, impartiality and fairness of mediator are significantly higher in the outside model (Binghman, Chesmore, Moon, Napoli, 2000. p. 17).† â€Å"The Acquisition Strategy required that the RD phase of the LAMP-H program be executed within 36 months. This was done in order to conform to the three years of RD appropriation that had been programmed, and the guidelines of the Army Streamlined Acquisition Program (ASAP) (Sutterfield, Friday-Stroud Shivers-Blackwell, (2007. p.230).† However, the newly appointed project/program manager lacked the necessary skills to use effective process-based conflict management skills to implement the three strategies to meet the required specification of the LAMP-H program. Collaboration is always detrimental in these instances where skill diversification leads to compromise and force to meet deadlines for acquisition, processing, and product scheduling. In both synopsis’ and opportunity exist which an alternative conflict resolution approach should had led to a constructive organizational outcome. However, the USPS case proved to focus on process and procedures within the conflict that maintained an objective to improve the quality of work life for their employs. Therefore, the cost effectiveness of a third party mediator proved to be an efficient use of financial funds, time, and labor cost associated with the test module and the end-result processes. Unfortunately, the sudden process and procedural changes for Coastal County Clerk was not well received because the transition altered the organizational culture that was present. Cost effectiveness was a major concern, but at the liberty of losing loyal employees the conflict forced the emotional response because of the perception of unfair treatment. The transfer of organizational power, restructuring of current employee duties, and the use of third party firms to replac e long-time employees led to formal complaints that would be heard by the EEOC. Similar to the USPS case, mediation should be introduced to confront internal concerns and to build the confidence and support of the firm as an alternative resolution approach to the newly appointed County Clerk of Courts. The Department of Defense’s project/program manager and Stan Accord are in the same perdictiment. Training and support from professional mediators should strengthen their skills, and provide them with an ability to establish critical thinking skills. Creative-thinking abilities, communication skills, emotional capabilities, perception abilities, and orientation abilities are skills that are instrumental, and would have prevented the escalating process-based, and collaboration strategy techniques that are imperative in each case study. References Bingham, L., Chesmore, G., Moon, Y., Napoli, L., (2000). Mediating Employment Disputes at the United States Postal Service: A Comparison of In-house and Outside Neutral Mediator Models. Indiana University. Retrieved from:http://rop.sagepub.com at UOP Library Sutterfield, J., Friday-Stroud, S., Shivers-Blackwell, S., (2007). How NOT to Manage A Project: Conflict Management Lessons Learned from a DOD Case Study. Institute Of Behavior and Applied Management. Retrieved from www.pheonix.edu Research Papers on Generic BenchmarkingThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Biography of Julius Kambarage Nyerere, Tanzanian Leader

Biography of Julius Kambarage Nyerere, Tanzanian Leader Julius Kambarage Nyerere  (March 1922 - October 14, 1999) was one of Africas leading independence heroes and leading light behind the creation of the Organization of African Unity. He was the architect of ujamaa,  an African socialist philosophy which revolutionized Tanzanias agricultural system. He was the prime minister of an independent Tanganyika and the first president of Tanzania. Fast Facts: Julius Kambarage Nyerere Known For: First president of Tanzania, architect of  ujamaa,  an African socialist philosophy which revolutionized Tanzanias agricultural system and one of the leaders of the Organization of African UnityBorn: March 1922, Butiama, TanganyikaDied: October 14, 1999, London, UKSpouse: Maria Gabriel Majige (m. 1953-1999)Children: Andrew Burito, Anna Watiku, Anselm Magige, John Guido, Charles Makongoro, Godfrey Madaraka, Rosemary Huria, Pauleta NyabananeNotable Quote: If a door is shut, attempts should be made to open it; if it is ajar, it should be pushed until it is wide open. In neither case should the door be blown up at the expense of those inside. Early Life Kambarage (the spirit which gives rain) Nyerere was born to Chief Burito Nyerere of the Zanaki (a small ethnic group in northern Tanganyika) and his fifth (out of 22) wife Mgaya Wanyangombe. Nyerere attended a local primary mission school, transferring in 1937 to Tabora Secondary School, a Roman Catholic mission and one of the few secondary schools open to Africans at that time. He was baptized a Catholic on December 23, 1943, and took the baptismal name Julius. Nationalistic Awareness Between 1943 and 1945 Nyerere attended Makerere University, in Ugandas capital Kampala, obtaining a teaching certificate. It was around this time that he took his first steps towards a political career. In 1945 he formed Tanganyikas first student group, an offshoot of the African Association, AA, (a pan-African group first formed by Tanganyikas educated elite in Dar es Salaam, in 1929). Nyerere and his colleagues began the process of converting the AA towards a nationalistic political group. Once he had gained his teaching certificate, Nyerere returned to Tanganyika to take up a teaching post at Saint Marys, a Catholic mission school in Tabora. He opened a local branch of the AA and was instrumental in converting the AA from its pan-African idealism to the pursuit of Tanganyikan independence. To this end, the AA restyled itself in 1948 as the Tanganyika African Association, TAA. Gaining a Wider Perspective In 1949 Nyerere left Tanganyika to study for an MA in economics and history at the University of Edinburgh. He was the first African from Tanganyika to study at a British university and, in 1952, was the first Tanganyikan to gain a degree. At Edinburgh, Nyerere became involved with the Fabian Colonial Bureau (a non-Marxist, anti-colonial socialist movement based in London). He watched intently Ghanas path to self-government  and was aware of the debates in Britain on the development of a Central African Federation (to be formed from a union of North and South Rhodesia and Nyasaland). Three years of study in the UK gave Nyerere an opportunity to vastly widen his perspective of pan-African issues. Graduating in 1952, he returned to teach at a Catholic school near Dar es Salaam. On January 24, 1953, he married primary school teacher Maria Gabriel Majige. Developing the Independence Struggle in Tanganyika This was a period of upheaval in west and south Africa. In neighboring Kenya the Mau Mau uprising was fighting against white settler rule, and a  nationalistic reaction was rising against the creation of the Central African Federation. But political awareness in Tanganyika was nowhere near as advanced as with its neighbors. Nyerere, who had become president of the TAA in April 1953, realized that a focus for African nationalism amongst the population was needed. To that end, in July 1954, Nyerere converted the TAA into Tanganyikas first political party, the Tanganyikan African National Union, or TANU. Nyerere was careful to promote nationalistic ideals without encouraging the kind of violence that was erupting in Kenya under the Mau Mau uprising. TANU manifesto was for independence on the basis of non-violent, multi-ethnic politics, and the promotion of social and political harmony. Nyerere was appointed to Tanganyikas Legislative Council (the Legco) in 1954. He gave up teaching the following year to pursue his career in politics. International Statesman Nyerere testified on behalf of TANU to the UN Trusteeship Council (committee on trusts and non-self-governing territories), in both 1955 and 1956. He presented the case for setting a timetable for Tanganyikan independence (this being one of the specified aims set down for a UN trust territory). The publicity he gained back in Tanganyika established him as the countrys leading nationalist. In 1957 he resigned from the Tanganyikan Legislative Council in protest over the slow progress independence. TANU contested the 1958 elections, winning 28 of 30 elected positions in the Legco. This was countered, however, by 34 posts which were appointed by the British authorities - there was no way for TANU to gain a majority. But TANU was making headway, and Nyerere told his people that Independence will follow as surely as the tickbirds follow the rhino. Finally with the election in August 1960, after changes to the Legislative Assembly were passed, TANU gained the majority it sought, 70 out of 71 seats. Nyerere became chief minister on September 2, 1960, and Tanganyika gained limited self-government. Independence In May 1961 Nyerere became prime minister, and on December 9, Tanganyika gained its independence. On January 22, 1962, Nyerere resigned from the premiership to concentrate on drawing up a republican constitution and to prepare TANU for government rather than liberation. On December 9, 1962, Nyerere was elected president of the new Republic of Tanganyika. Nyereres Approach to Government #1 Nyerere approached his presidency with a particularly African stance. First, he attempted to integrate into African politics the traditional style of African decision making (what is known as indaba in Southern Africa). A consensus is gained through a series of meetings in which everyone has an opportunity to say their piece. To help build national unity he adopted Kiswahili as the national language, making it the only medium of instruction and education. Tanganyika became one of the few African countries with an indigenous official national language. Nyerere also expressed a fear that multiple parties, as seen in Europe and the US, would lead to ethnic conflict in Tanganyika. Political Tensions In 1963 tensions on the neighboring island of Zanzibar started to impact on Tanganyika. Zanzibar had been a British protectorate, but on 10 December 1963, independence was gained as a Sultanate  (under Jamshid ibn Abd Allah) within the Commonwealth of Nations. A  coup on  January 12, 1964, overthrew the sultanate and established a new republic. Africans and Arabs were in conflict, and the aggression spread to the mainland - the Tanganyikan army mutinied. Nyerere went into hiding and was forced to ask Britain for military assistance. He set about strengthening his political control of both TANU and the country. In 1963 he established a  one-party state  which lasted until July 1, 1992, outlawed strikes, and created a centralized administration. A one-party state would allow collaboration and unity without any suppression of opposing views he stated. TANU was now the only legal political party in Tanganyika. Once order was restored Nyerere announced the merger of Zanzibar with Tanganyika as a new nation; the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar came into being on April 26, 1964, with Nyerere as president. The country was renamed the Republic of Tanzania on October 29, 1964. Nyereres Approach to Government #2 Nyerere was reelected president of Tanzania in 1965 (and would be returned for another three successive  five-year  terms before resigning as president in 1985. His next step was to promote his system of African socialism, and on February 5, 1967, he presented the Arusha Declaration which set out his political and economic agenda. The Arusha Declaration was incorporated  into  TANUs constitution later that year. The central core of the Arusha Declaration was  ujamma, Nyereres take on an egalitarian socialist society based on cooperative agriculture. The policy was influential throughout the continent, but it ultimately proved to be flawed.  Ujamaa  is a Swahili word which means community or  family-hood. Nyereres  ujamaa  was a program of independent self-help which supposedly would keep Tanzania from becoming  dependant  on foreign aid. It emphasized economic cooperation, racial/tribal, and moralistic self-sacrifice. By the early  1970s, a program of villagization was slowly organizing rural life into village collectives. Initially voluntary, the process met with increasing resistance, and in 1975 Nyerere introduced forced villagization. Almost 80 percent of the population ended up organized into 7,700 villages. Ujamaa  emphasized the countrys need to be self-sufficient economically rather than being dependent on  foreign aid  and  foreign investment. Nyerere also set up mass literacy  campaigns  and provided free and universal education. In 1971, he introduced state ownership for banks, nationalized plantations and property. In January 1977 he merged TANU and Zanzibars Afro-Shirazi Party into a new national party - the  Chama Cha Mapinduzi  (CCM, Revolutionary State Party). Despite a great deal of planning and organization, agricultural production declined over the 70s, and by the 1980s, with falling world commodity prices (especially for coffee and sisal), its meager export base disappeared and Tanzania became the largest per-capita recipient of foreign aid in Africa. Nyerere on the International Stage Nyerere was a leading force behind the modern Pan-African movement, a leading figure in African politics in the 1970s, and was one of the founders of the Organization of African Unity, OAU, (now the  African Union). He was committed to supporting liberation movements in Southern Africa and was a forceful critic of the apartheid regime of South Africa, chairing a group of five frontline presidents who advocated the overthrow of white supremacists in South Africa, South-West Africa, and Zimbabwe. Tanzania became a favored venue for liberation army training camps and political offices. Sanctuary was given to members of South Africas  African National Congress, as well as similar groups from Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Angola, and Uganda. As a strong supporter of the  Commonwealth of Nations, Nyerere helped engineer South Africas exclusion on the basis of its  apartheid  policies. When President  Idi Amin  of Uganda announced the deportation of all Asians, Nyerere denounced his administration. When Ugandan troops occupied a small border area of Tanzania in 1978 Nyerere pledged to bring the downfall of Amin. In 1979 20,000 troops from the Tanzanian army invaded Uganda to aid Ugandan rebels under the leadership of Yoweri Museveni. Amin fled into exile, and Milton Obote, a good friend of Nyerere, and the president Idi Amin had deposed back in 1971, was placed back in power. The economic cost to Tanzania of the incursion into Uganda was devastating, and Tanzania was unable to recover. Death Julius Kambarage Nyerere died on October 14, 1999, in London, UK, of  leukemia. Despite his failed policies, Nyerere remains a  deeply  respected figure both in Tanzania and Africa as a whole. He is referred to by his honorific title  mwalimu  (a Swahili word meaning teacher). Legacy and End of an Influential Presidency In 1985 Nyerere stepped down from the presidency in favor of Ali Hassan Mwinyi. But he refused to give up power completely, remaining leader of the CCM. When Mwinyi started to dismantle  ujamaa  and to privatize the economy, Nyerere ran interference. He spoke out against what he saw as too much reliance on international trade and the use of  gross  domestic product as the main measure of Tanzanias success. At the time of his departure, Tanzania was one of the worlds poorest countries. Agriculture has reduced to subsistence levels, transportation networks were fractured, and industry was crippled. At least  one-third  of the national budget was provided by foreign aid. On the positive side, Tanzania had Africas highest literacy rate (90 percent), had halved infant mortality, and was politically stable. In 1990 Nyerere gave up leadership of the CCM, finally admitting that some of his policies hadnt been successful. Tanzania held multiparty elections for the first time in 1995.

Presentation on Propaganda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Presentation on Propaganda - Essay Example They have been and are applied to other people, groups, gangs, tribes, colleges, political parties, neighborhoods, and states, sections of the country, nations, and races." (Institute for Propaganda Analysis, 1938) DISCUSSION: Although name-calling could be interpreted as trivial, name-calling is the basis upon which many instances of [propaganda is based The premise behind the name-calling and the beliefs associated with these names is in most instances fueled by propaganda. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PROPAGANDA IN RELATION TO TOTALITARIANISM: Propaganda can evoke varying degrees of psychological effects that depend on interpretation of the propaganda as can be seen in the example involving names that we discussed earlier in the presentation. The psychological effects of propaganda in relation to totalitarianism are complex. It is important to remember that in relation to totalitarian propaganda works most successfully when it I psychologically effects the masses. Ellul elaborates on that premise by pointing out "when propaganda is addressed to a crowd, it must touch each individual in that crowd, in that whole group. To be effective, it must give the impression of being personal, for we must never forget that the mass is composed of individuals, and is in fact nothing but assembled individuals.

Strategic human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Strategic human resource management - Essay Example The organisation boasts over an employee population of 1,000 head tally. Its top management and specifically the human resource management department ensure that the employees deliver their obligations in accordance to the set goals and objectives. The following questionnaire is central to the company’s strategic human resource management (SHRM) practices in ensuring cohesion and integration of Emaar’s labour force and its long-range plans (Armstrong, 2000). Emaar’s SHRM guarantees its employees a health workplace through teambuilding and encouragement of teamwork, a factor that serves to ease the threat of conflicts and other differences, which may harm the employees’ worthwhile coexistence in the organization. Further, the SHRM provides necessary training and provision of information on any changes in the industry to acquaint the employees and stakeholders with up to date skills and knowledge (Perkins, Shortland & Perkins, 2006). The Emaar’s human resource management team executes relevant and appropriate plans concerning the chain of management, and decision-making with acknowledgement of the open door policy to ensure that all groups in the organisation undertake the obligations in accordance to the long-term goals (Dhar, 2008). The human resource management also offers rewards and incentives, which serve to motivate the employees who in turn perform their duties competently thus enabling the organisation to achieve its goals at the long run. Emaar’s human resource management group ensures that the employees have competence abilities and skills. This enables the organization to achieve a competitive advantage that its competitors cannot initiate (Armstrong, 2000). Through the process of vetting and evaluation, SHRM is capable of enrolling the competent staff to deliver quality service hence growing competitively in the UAE construction and building market. Summative surveys also serve as beneficial staffing style since they

Transfer application for University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Essay Example for Free

Transfer application for University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Essay My high school years demonstrate a strong history of community involvement and social work that gave me a chance to develop my communication skills, translate leadership potential into real actions and let me help other people in meaningful and effective ways. The combination of various activities and burden of multiple responsibilities also proved a challenge to my academic achievements. Thus, I must admit that being involved in volunteering work a few hours a week, working as President of the Snowboarding club and church leader and Vice-President in my Korean church, I spent less time and effort on studies than other students. With this said, the broad variety of activities did develop my personality and increase my potential to add to diversity on Urbana Champaign campus. Working as President of the Snowboarding club, I learned a lot about this sport and organization of different sports events. Throughout my community involvement, such as work in the asylum and in the institution for physically handicapped people, I gained knowledge about life that is very different from our usual patterns. As baby-sitter in the orphanage, I got to know many disadvantaged kids whose perspective was different from mine. Learning to help these people, I realized that humans are very diverse and at the same time united by common feelings of love, hate, trust, hope and sympathy. Besides, being of Korean origin, I can bring to the campus an understanding and appreciation of our rich culture and customs. During my life in the US, I have retained my ethnic culture through involvement in the initiative in my Korean church that was aimed at helping new people fit into the US environment. I hope to bring this experience in helping new people to University of Illinois, making my experience at transition work for other people. International studies have long captured my interest and hold it to this point. A foreign national, I am most interested in international trade and development, and specifically the interconnection between these two phenomena. My experience in changing the national environment proved a trigger causing my interest in the field and motivating me to pursue it as a profession. Coming from Korea, I became interested in national political and economic system and their reflection in people’s contemporary experience. Korea had a rather painful history, being to this point divided into two parts. The striking difference in life standards between North and South Korea intrigued me because not so long ago we were one nation. As I grew up, I realized the importance of a choice of a political and economic system the nation makes. Reading a lot about different economic theories and practices, I developed an interest in how to help poor nations develop better. I come from a relatively prosperous background and feel obliged to help countries with a very low income level to overcome dire poverty and provide their people with basic benefits. Developing international trade, I believe, can be the answer to many of their problems. Working for one month in 2006 in Essen Tech Co – The Department of Trade, I gained further insights into the nature of international trade. There I mingled with professionals in the field who shared with me their expert knowledge and opinions formed on the basis of relevant information, which was very interesting for a novice. At this point, I have some theoretical and practical background in the chosen field. Now I need more substantial knowledge to let me use my potential to the fullest. With deep interest in the field, I believe I can make my involvement into an important contribution.

Organizational Excellence and Leadership :: Business, Organizational Culture

Organizational culture is the key to organizational excellence and leadership is a function to create and manage culture (Chen 1992). Organizational researchers have become more aware of the importance of understanding and enhancing the cultural life of the institution. "This study is one of a group of companies with high-performance in North America, interest in organizational culture is an important element in organizational success. Tesluk et al (1997). Looking at the" soft "of the organization, the researchers claim that" the organizational culture may be suitable for a means to explore and understanding of life at work, and make them more humane and more pronounced (Tesluk et al, 1997), and the graves (1986) also stressed the importance of corporate culture, and the need for research strategies and methods of investigating the various elements and processes of the organizational culture. He argued the culture that meets the basic needs of belonging and security in an attempt to describe this gathering that culture is "the only thing that distinguishes one company from another gives them coherence and self-confidence and rationalises the lives of those who work for it. Standard that may seem random, is to enhance the life to be different, and safe to be similar, and culture is a concept that provides the means to achieve this compromise (p. 157). Can the effects of cultural misunderstandings can be painful for the individuals, but also for the organization as a whole. Embarrassing situations and inadvertently insults, offenses and failure to achieve individual and organizational goals are among the consequences of the joint. Experience of many managers and researchers in the field of strategy, organization, and the development of the theory of the organization suggests all this ", the study of cultural issues at the organizational level is absolutely essential to a basic understanding of what goes on in organizations, and how it works, and how to improve" (Shin 1990). It was found that the organizational culture to influence the workers' commitment and identification with the group and organization, as well as their sense of involvement with their work tasks (Ruigrok, 1999). The issue of change and culture, and there is solid documentation that overlook the organizational culture and obstructing efforts to change the organizational performance. Study of past failures in development efforts points to the role of organizational culture as a crucial would consider the change (Souza, Bouza et.

Language spoken Essay

England is filled with a mixture of different dialects and pronunciation. Every area or city has its own dialect pronunciation and specific words only used in that area for example in east London â€Å"innit†. The closer the areas are the more similar they are. In addition people living in a specific area have their own peer groups; these peer groups have their own sociolect. Sociolect basically, means language spoken by a social group, social class or subculture. In this regards it differs to the dialect of that area slightly. Every person in that peer group has their own idiolect. Idiolect means a variety of language unique to an individual. It is manifested when that person chooses the word phrases or idioms which are unique to an individual. The idiolect you speak is influenced by many factors, for example the area you live in, where you are from and who is in your peer group. These could happen simultaneously which will make your idiolect even more unique. I believe that your idiolect is mainly changed by your geographical location. My idiolect has been changed drastically through the years I have been living. Even though I was born in the UK the first language I was taught was Farsi, this was minor setback however I was able to overcome this issue. As I was sent to school, I renovated this issue and I was able to distinguish both languages and I usually never had to code switch. As I grew my knowledge on the English language increased considerably, however my amount of Farsi I knew increased at a really steady pace. This is because in school I was improving my English as it was a requirement at home this didn’t happen a lot, my parents only wanted me to know the basics of my language and that was satisfactory for them. In addition my mum and dad wanted me to fit into society better. They done this by the process of primary socialisation, they told me not to swear, not to code switch so that I do not have to be deviant in school and to speak in standard English. At a very young age of 6-7 I was slightly getting confused with the English language. This is because as I spent time with my peer group they taught me their sociolect, at the time I wasn’t educated on this topic enough. For example one day my friend told me when we were inside to â€Å"Look out† as there was a ball flying towards our window at a high speed. As I was not educated, I thought he literally meant for me to look outside luckily I did look outside but the ball missed me. This use of a phrasal verb confused me; this is because phrasal verbs also confuse non-native speakers and I wasn’t that educated on this new type of dialect. At this time I started to mix both standard English and my sociolect until I reached 8 years old. At this time I was able to make out the type language I should use in school, the one I should use with my friends and the one I should use at home. Even though I was able to differentiate when to speak each language I still had problems. My English at this time was getting better day by day however my Farsi improvements came at a standstill. When I use to speak to my parents, and I could not find the correct term in Farsi, I had to say it in English. This caused me to code switch even more. This automatically made me speak a mixture of English and Farsi when I went home. Did not finish (deliberate), Mrs Hart please tell me what I should add to improve; what I can to make it even better. I was going to talk about my transcript however I am unable as I want to know the mistakes I have made so that I can make it better with the transcript By Wariss Tamim 10. 8.

Health And Disease In Communities Health And Social Care Essay

The different bureaus responsible in placing degrees of wellness and disease in communities are the undermentioned: World Health Organisation, Health Protection Agency and the Primary Care Trusts. This three may hold different particulars in footings of their aims and marks but they are normally working on towards a safer and wellness riskless environment. The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) maps are chiefly in supplying support and services to the different wellness attention establishments around the Earth particularly those who chiefly need it e.g. low executing wellness attention suppliers on a per state footing, freshly debilitated countries and the likes. The administration besides joins forces with other necessary wellness attention administrations in order for them to get aid in the execution of certain programmes or activities locally. Their outreach workss are most particularly recognized during national catastrophes, catastrophes, eruptions and other global dismaying state of affairss. Another bureau that aids in detecting degrees of wellness and diseases is the Health Protection Agency ( HPA ) . Harmonizing to HPA ( 2010 ) ‘The maps of the Agency are â€Å" to protect the community ( or any portion of the community ) against infective diseases and other dangers to wellness † ( HPA Act 2004 ) . ‘ This means that any alterations in the degree of wellness in a certain community particularly those which are caused by the engagement of a certain individual to unsafe materials/chemicals/equipments is being watched by the HPA. The bureau is specifically designed to provide this sort of concerns and are tasked to forestall harmful incidences from happening and to avoid jailbreaks if such state of affairs occurs. On the other manus, Primary Care Trust ( PCT ) is fundamentally more specific in footings of attention proviso since they focus on a certain country assigned to them. For illustration, if Wandsworth is the country coverage of a certain PCT so they are specifically tasked to run into the demands of the people shacking in that said topographic point. They must make their best to make out to every individual occupant and supply them the attention that they need since this is seen as one of the wellness searcher ‘s privilege. When outbreaks go on PCT is besides responsible for placing the community ‘s position. Word count: 351Answer 1 – 1.2An epidemiological survey last 2007 in Africa showed a important addition in incidence rate as seen in Appendix A table 1 [ page 20 ] . Over all, from the twelvemonth 2006 to 2007, there was an extra 0.9 % of instances added go forthing the incidence informations markedly higher than the figure of prevalence instances. The 2015 mark prevalence rate was set to 384 per 100,000 population. The current surveillance displayed 692 instances per 100,000 population. The figure of deceases related to the TB disease even displayed a more fickle rate. Mortality rate was 230 per 100,000 population per twelvemonth with a mark figure of 39 for this approaching 2015. This means that Africa still has a long manner to travel in cut downing the figure of instances ( deceases and incidence ) , eight old ages might be well plenty from sensing to direction procedure but all are still in the custodies of the wellness attention suppliers, administrations and programmes i nvolved with it. Mentioning still to postpone 1, multidrug-resistant TB instances ‘ per centum is at the same clip spiking together with the incidence rate. The lone positive projection showed by the tabular arraies is the DOTC instance sensing rates which have been run intoing the coveted ends of the anti-TB programme. Additionally, there is a steady addition in new phlegm vilification ( positive/negative ) , new extrapulmonary, backsliding and retreatment presentments. On table 2 [ page 20 ] , the unfavorable results per centums resulted to decease, failures, defaults, transportations and non rating. Large rates of new phlegm smear positive instances lead to decease, defaults, transportations and nonevalutaion while new sputum smear negative instances lead to immense figure of deceases and defaults. Same thing goes with new extrapulmonary instances but few instances resulted to failure entirely. Retreatment instances were besides high which resulted to all unpleasant factors. The DOTS coverag e have been executing good since 2003 and above, but intervention programs did non travel good throughout the important period although instance sensing rates were all good. The job significantly lies on the intervention direction and behavior. Case sensing rates were already found to be greatly improved which means countries on direction programs are now going the oculus of aims. Diabetes rates in Africa were n't that high ( see Appendix B image 1 page 21 ) . Table 3 Appendix B shows the population sample for the diabetes instance anticipation. Merely 3-5 % in ages 35-64 old ages old is affected although this can increase significantly or duplicate up in several old ages. Africa did non either come in the axial rotation of taking states who are likely to be portion of the universe ‘s highest diabetes instances for both twelvemonth 2000 and 2030 anticipation. Compared to the TB disease rates, diabetes is more likely lupus erythematosus of a concern for the wellness administrations and all attempts must be concentrated on TB bar and obliteration. Word count: 454Answer 1 – 1.3The TB ( TB ) instance study show a gradual one-year addition from the twelvemonth 2005 to 2009 on the figure of people infected in United Kingdom with exclusion on the twelvemonth 2007 where the instances dropped down to -0.7 % . England has the largest figure of TB instances making to several 1000s while the other states are merely holding an norm of 100s and less. The state that got the lowest rate of instances was Northern Ireland with twelvemonth 2005 as the highest. The tabular array showed that the steps taken to take down down the incident rate were clearly effectual. This state of affairs was, nevertheless, opposite with Scotland, England and Wales. Although the 2nd and 3rd states aforementioned showed a little dip in the per centum of instances for one peculiar twelvemonth, the consistence of disease generation outweighed the happening of the little unappreciable fluctuation. The 2nd chart sing the regional instances of TB seems to hold the ability to catch the reader ‘s eyes. Obviously, London has the highest figure of instances and this is rather expected and logically true. The metropolis is known for its multicultural and multidiverse race, this means that the attack can go a batch harder since each civilization has its ain alone features towards wellness attention. When a certain act is done in order to cut down the figure of incidence, different people with distinguishable imposts will respond to this unreproducibly and this is one factor that can greatly impact the end of the national wellness bureaus to take down down and extinguish such disease. South East, West Midlands, Yorkshire and the Humber showed a changeless ascent in the figure of instances. South West and North West both have a steady rate with the twelvemonth 2009 as the highest. East Midlands, East of England and North East had unpredictable fluctuations. By and large, the sprea d of instances between London and the other parts range from 2500 to 3000. The diagram clearly gave out a decision that the range of country and population mass are merely few factors that can give out a good relation on the incidence rate. Word count: 345Answer 1 – 1.4The effectivity of the different attacks and schemes in commanding fleshiness ( a noncontagious disease ) and malaria – a catching one, is greatly shown on the ability of public wellness squads and administrations to forestall and command the spread of the certain disease in a community. Since the mark is laid locally per Se, the method becomes more efficient particularly when a national station execution study is done to look into whether the state of affairs has calmed down. Aiming for a group-by-group intercession can do the planned solution and even the epidemiological survey more specific and viewed as a case-to-case footing. The epidemiological survey is one really of import scheme since it determines the incidence and prevalence of such disease in a given country. The consequences of the epidemiological survey are so used as a footing for be aftering for actions, implementing activities and determination as to whether the disease happ ening has become extended or non. Due to this information gathered, the extension in footings of figure of instances of such disease can be halted. Assorted programmes will be implemented by several administrations. After some period of clip, another study will be done to look into for betterments or deterioration of the identified incident. For noncontagious diseases such as fleshiness, besides known as the taking factor for high blood pressure and diabetes, activities will more likely be related to information airing through wellness publicity and instruction. Normally, programmes will be divided into the undermentioned classs: publicity, bar, healing and rehabilitation. This will let better consequences since this can forestall farther happening through publicity of wellness and bar, eliminates instances through healing attack and prevents decease rates through rehabilitation. Bogle ( 2007 ) states that ‘Prevention is finally the most effectual scheme. ‘ This is non merely applicable to one disease but to the remainder of the identified diseases every bit good. Catching diseases, nevertheless, does the same programmes but are a batch more extended and thorough since the rate of addition is greater compared to those diseases which are noncontagious. Due to several attacks and schemes done by the public wellness administrations, diseases which are considered to be really damaging have been isolated and controlled. However, some of these schemes are proven to be less efficient in TB control establishing from the given chart of TB septic people in the United Kingdom. Word count: 376Answer 2 – 2.1There are current precedences in service proviso for those people infected with Chlamydia peculiarly in United Kingdom. One precedence recognized comes in increasing epidemiological surveies which involves finding the best diagnostic procedure/test. Greenhouse ( n.d. ) states that: [ T ] he hapless sensitiveness and specificity of clinical marks in diagnostic pelvic infection have long been demonstrated by laparoscopy, which is often normal despite hurting and proved infection. [ 4 ] Laparasocopy has been shown to be inaccurate when audited by fimbrial histology, [ 5 ] projecting uncertainty on the findings of some authoritative epidemiological studies.A A more extended research and survey must be implemented in order to for good eliminate diagnostic mistakes which are proven to be one of the chief hinderances in better quality wellness attention proviso. Service enlargement late underwent a alteration through implementing a national showing plan since the assignment of such duty to the local sectors did non give out a good consequence despite the lengthy and expensive steps undertaken ( ‘Parliamentary concern ‘ , 2010 ) . The first intercession turned out to be a failure in the sense that the PCTs were n't able to properly manage the given duty. However, this was n't the Primary Care Trust ‘s mistake since harmonizing to the Chairman of the Committee of Public Accounts, Edward Leigh ( n.d. every bit cited in ‘Parliamentary concern ‘ 2010 ) : †¦ the duty for presenting a national enterprise is pushed down to local degree, with small idea about the mechanisms and intercessions needed at national and regional degree to keep efficiency and impulse. Another precedence identified is the effectual clinical bar services and high quality sexual wellness. Prevention is ever the key to a most cost effectual scheme. Further seen precedence is most likely focused on the healing procedure since when such infection is non treated ; it can ensue to lay waste toing wellness jobs e.g. pelvic inflammatory diseases, chronic hurting, sterility. Approaches to serve proviso for people with Chlamydia have become more approachable due to the presence of PCTs. Screening and intervention have been widely dispersed ; spreads and other necessary preparations have been continually identified and developed in order to avoid the chance of incorrect diagnosings, wrong interventions and wastage of resources. The service proviso have become countrywide and this thoroughly helped towards the end of the National Chlamydia Screening Programme ( 2010 ) which is to ‘ †¦ run into current marks of 17 per cent testing in community outside GUM and work towards degrees of 35 to 50 per cent overall in the community and GUM. ‘ Word count: 398Answer 2 – 2.2Determining the HIV prevalence rate for wellness attention proviso becomes the footing in formation of planning and activities to be implemented. Knowing the root cause of such disease incidence helps in aiming the specific issue, this assists in doing the designed programmes to go speedy and efficient. It ‘s like extinguishing the demand to travel around the shrubs by cognizing one direct responsible way. The demands needed for wellness attention proviso will ever depend on how the initial procedures turned out. For illustration, if a certain country has been found to hold an alarming figure of HIV infected instances so this would necessitate expert resources. Bing able to hold a partial mentality on the current status of the eruption can assist in apportioning the resources good, implement prioritization and supply the right information that the public demands. The ‘Human Sciences Research Council ‘ ( n.d. ) states that ‘T he HIV and AIDS and STI Strategic Plan recognises monitoring and rating ( M & A ; E ) as an of import policy and direction tool. ‘ Just how expressed the schemes and methods of the UK in combating against HIV are, this is precisely how stiff the wellness attention service proviso are excessively. The degrees of HIV prevalence will state which province actions are so taken by the whole sectors and administrations involved. Consequently, this will pick the necessary demands to decently turn to the wellness concerns and the identified causes will be closely monitored, farther probe will even be done to look into whether new signifier of transmittals has developed. More preventative steps will besides be implemented since this can avoid happening. The importance of finding the evidences for HIV disease growing besides lies in the significance of being able to properly educate the people ( portion of the demand execution scheme ) and place steps that can assist avoid such happening by educating the identified vulnerable group. Designation of steps lucifers up with the causes of HIV. In general, the relationship between HIV prevalence, causes and demands are intertwined and one country will ever look up the other country or else there will be trouble in the agencies of eliminating the job. Word count: 349Answer 2 – 2.3The impact of baccy smoke in the wellness service proviso planning in the hereafter is the addition in greater bar investing harmonizing to the ‘NAO Report on undertaking wellness inequalities: Mentions to smoking ‘ ( n.d. ) . The uninterrupted addition on the figure of baccy tobacco users must hold made the consciousness run become stronger due to the version of the phrase ‘prevention is ever better than remedy ‘ . Health functionaries are cognizant of the disputing state of affairs that nicotine nuts must get the better of, that is why there is no better manner than forestalling the people from prosecuting in this sort of frailty. One survey besides proved the necessity of fleshiness decrease in relation to the good worsening rates of tobacco users. Harmonizing to Stewart ( 2009 ) , it is necessary that both of the issues must be addressed with importance wholly because ‘If past fleshiness tendencies continue unbridled, the negative effects on the wellness of the U.S. population will progressively outweigh the positive effects gained from worsening smoking rates. ‘ This suggests that the impact of baccy smoke non merely touches one country of a wellness service programme which is the nicotine dependance obliteration since the consequence can besides destroy other wellness service concerns such as the anti-diabetes/obesity run. Due to the ability of smoking jobs to act upon other bing wellness attention jobs, the impact to future wellness service proviso planning might ensue to a more stiff and tight policies. This can go a good land for publishing a compulsory consequence that consists of a mark en d. The key to the ability of the full state to implement such ambitious actions or intercessions would come from the willingness of the wellness functionaries, administrations and squads to present the planned services and schemes immediately. We are already running out of clip since the disease tendency itself is showing a gradual addition, there shall be no more alibis made and everyone must besides be called to work hand-in-hand. Word count: 316Answer 2 – 2.4Peoples who have been enduring from fleshiness require professional aid particularly that today ‘s tendency with respects to unhealthy lifestyle effects have been increasing. One administration that can efficaciously present out a service for free is the National Obesity Forum ( NOF ) . Most of today ‘s wellness ogranisations have been going alarmed with the deficiency of preventative steps that people must be exerting. NOF is one scheme implemented due to the dismaying disease rates, harmonizing to them: [ tungsten ] vitamin E are peculiarly concerned with the deficiency of focal point on bar and structured direction of corpulence and corpulent persons in primary attention and the consequence this has on society. Obesity, as a disease, is an issue which affects non merely the wellness service but has a knock-on consequence for the economic system, industry, instruction and government.A Aside from the preventative services, direction is besides one factor that needs to be taken into consideration. A batch of corpulent people are holding a difficult clip in seting to their life style ( eating wonts, exercising and etc. ) . This factor makes it so nerve-racking for corpulent patients since changing wonts can be hard. The NOF has late released a new criterion for pull offing wellness service users viz. the Very Low Energy Diets. Whichever establishment a client may take to get the wellness services needed, this criterion can be helpful since this is where other private establishments are traveling to establish their manner of attention. Another manner of direction is the fleshiness surgery ; this can be acquired from any establishment of pick and has been proven to be an effectual manner to extinguish fleshiness although this has n't been found to be a cost-efficient step. Harmonizing to the BBC News ( 2006 ) , other steps that can be helpful for fleshiness obliteration are the wellness cheques, inclusion of athleticss installations on lodging undertakings, free fleshiness surgery services, revenue enhancement of nutrient high in Calories and supplying rhythm lanes. Word count: 311Answer 3 – 3.1Precedences for the kids ‘s well being must be based in conformity to the common wellness issues that the younger age groups are confronting and are forecasted to be confronting. Issues that kids normally face are infective diseases, risky environment, maltreatment and malnutrition. Infectious diseases such as the H. Pylori which is normally acquired by kids in the low socioeconomic group are to be detected on kids holding the symptoms and treated early. Infectious diseases can ensue to enfeebling long term effects and hence appropriate wellness solutions such as bar and immediate remedy are of import. A risky environment can include kids holding parents who are smoking baccy on their presence, a non kid safe room construction e.g. approachable hot surface and the likes. Accidents account for a big figure of kids who are handicapped and of mortality rates. The Child Safety Week ( 2010 ) provinces: [ s ] erious accidents can do hurts to kids that take months or old ages to mend. The psychological harm caused to kids and their households frequently lasts a life-time. Yet many of these accidents can be prevented by taking merely a minute, to travel a hot drink, look into a fume dismay, lock the medicine cabinet, exchange off the drier or take your pes off the gas pedal. A great trade of attending must besides be given to this country in order to protect the kids really good. Abuse is another issue that does n't merely ensue to physical hurt but injuring including the emotional facet of the kid. Health services such as the Child Protection Agency are the animal trainers of this issue and services provided are non merely limited to one country since this require a uninterrupted and multi service proviso. Another wellness status that is rather taken for granted is the malnutrition issues that kids are confronting. Fleshiness is going a major concern and most of the instances involved people who have been overweight since birth. There ‘s no better manner than turn toing the job by aiming the early ages since control is still better handled compared to corpulent people who are already populating a considerable sum of old ages in their life. Generally talking, all of these wellness jeopardies can be decently managed, controlled and prevented by the community attention establishments that are responsible for attention proviso. Equally long as programs, intercessions and ends are all taken earnestly, wellness precedences for kids will be met. Word count: 392Answer 3 – 3.2The effectivity of policies implemented for the well being of the kids can be seen on the incorporation of Torahs to Centres which involve kid attention. Several bureaus which are regarded as a large subscriber to implementing kid wellness attention were besides being tapped and now are presently working together in one end. Harmonizing to Great Britain Department for Children, Schools and Families ( 2010 ) , partnerships of administrations have been structured and designed in order to let early incorporation of kid wellness attention services, this includes the engagement of PCTs and other local wellness governments. Due to the alterations made in the wellness continuity attention scheme, several services peculiarly those which targets kid attention have been found to be really effectual. Alterations besides resulted to the birth of other policies or polish of regulations in order to make a better manner of attention proviso. However, although some of the schemes and systems have been found to be effectual in covering with the jobs refering the kids, there are still several countries that call out for immediate and stiff intercession. Such instances would include betterment of results for looked after kids and bettering coaction with wellness sectors. These countries have proven to be rather unsatisfactory in run intoing the desired results. Governments have been invariably happening ways in order to advance the schemes which were being set. Parental support is besides incorporated as a manner to efficaciously turn to the issues of the kids ‘s public assistance. Community programmes have been invariably monitored and being remodeled particularly on today ‘s turning crisis. The manner of attention is being matched up with the current state of affairs in order to increase the feasibleness of the designed programs, schemes, policies and systems. Overall, the impact of the ordinances that are set in order to increase the advancement of results on the kid ‘s attention has been reasonably effectual. Several ordinances need to be reconstructed and reviewed while other policies need more action. Word count: 317Answer 3 – 3.3Several alterations still need to be implemented for the kids ‘s good being. These alterations include ‘promoting the societal and emotional well-being of kids in primary instruction ‘ ( National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2008 ) , educational information airing aiming kids ‘s parents, societal reform, restructuring of inter organizational cooperation and broadening of societal programmes on communities. The primary instruction has been considered to be one of the important phases of kids since this is the point where their values are being honed and how their emotional response is being triggered by the legion societal elements present in their environment. Human behavior is shaped harmonizing to how people are being raised and the constitution of a more sold foundation is the key to diminish wellness behaviors which are really unsafe. Educating parents must besides be done in every community since this is one of the effectual ways to assist and steer the direct carer of the kid ‘s well-being. Social workers must besides concentrate non merely to the kid ‘s status entirely but besides in looking after how his/her environment has been impacting the kid. Rearing programmes and activities in coordination with other worker administrations can be done since this can assist employers go sensitive to the demands of their workers. The current environment right now is already necessitating alone ways to near every quandary. Pressures coming from the working environment that are impacting every working family particularly parents are really much affected with this type of state of affairs. There is excessively much demand from work go forthing other duties in life abandoned which are seen to be purportedly a batch more of import. We can non deny the importance of occupations now a yearss and pretermiting them on the other manus is neither the best option. The greater solution would be to let the different sectors to fall in together and collaborate so that each side will be reasonably heard, considered and met. Having this done, we can state that a societal reform and inter organizational linkages have been built. Adopting a â€Å" kid friendly † logo in all countries can perfectly assist decrease the load that kids are now unconsciously confronting. Word count: 350Answer 3 – 3.4Note: Please mention to the tabular array cited in Appendix C [ page 22 ] Inculcating the significance of exercising early on the kid ‘s life style non merely increases their well-being during their childhood yearss but it besides allows them to be acquainted with such wellness health pattern. Even during the kid ‘s babyhood, inactive exercising had already been found to be a really effectual manner to develop the kid ‘s muscular and skeletal growing. Primary kids are particularly known to be hyper active in footings of activities and doing exercising as one of their daily activities can assist them non merely physically but in all facets. One of the ends enumerated is the importance of the kid to show a positive attitude towards exercising ; this can promote the kids to go concerted and it helps construct a positive consequence on them therefore leting them to love the feeling of holding their organic structures on the move. Teachers must besides ever indicate out what advantages they will be acquiring in a simple mode or in a method whe rein kids would appreciate and understand. This can be done by puting a image of a kid ‘s organic structure in a board while exerting ; every motion would so be matched up with the certain portion of the organic structure that has benefited the move. Implementing a particular hebdomad for a household athleticss fest wo n't merely aim the kids ‘s well-being but it besides fosters parental or household bonding. This can be made successful by inquiring coordination with household administrations that exists in a community. Social community attention administrations or sectors can besides be invited and let this chance to go portion of the pilot testing of the effectiveness of the planned plan. This sort of activity can assist both related sectors to work together and go one or unified on their end. It besides increases the effectiveness of the ends targeted for the different sectors involved. Continuity of the exercising activity can even travel every bit far as holding interscholastic competitions ; this can be introduced to primary and third degree establishments. Word count: 325MentionsBBC News, 2006. Obesity ‘could ruin the NHS ‘ [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6180991.stm [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Bogle, V. , 2007. Haringey Obesity Strategy 2007-2010 [ Online ] . p.12. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.haringey.nhs.uk/services/specialist/care_pathways_and_guidelines/obesity/obesity_strategy_adults.pdf [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Child Safety Week, 2010. The ‘Make clip for safety ‘ theme [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.childsafetyweek.org.uk/child-safety-week/ [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Great Britain Department for Children, Schools and Families, 2010. Certain Start kids ‘s Centres: statutory counsel: response to the audience [ Online ] . London: Great Britain. Department for Children, Schools and Families. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scie-socialcareonline.org.uk/profile.asp? guid=5bcdbe7b-0d02-46f4-a984-33f856a7ef34 [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Greenhouse, P. , n.d. The 4th Bandolier Conference: Chlamydia. Positions from the infirmary [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/bandopubs/bandocon4/chlamyd.html # Heading4 [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Health Protection Agency, 2010. What the Health Protection Agency Does? [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hpa.org.uk/AboutTheHPA/WhatTheHealthProtectionAgencyDoes/ [ Accessed 25 July 2010 ] ‘Human Sciences Research Council ‘ , n.d. Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS and Health [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hsrc.ac.za/SAHA.phtml [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] ‘NAO Report on undertaking wellness inequalities: Mentions to smoking ‘ , n.d. Key Recommendations [ Online ] . p.1. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_736.pdf [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] ‘National Chlamydia Screening Programme ‘ , 2010. Commissioning [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chlamydiascreening.nhs.uk/ps/commissioners/summary.html [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2008. Promoting kids ‘s societal and emotional well-being in primary instruction [ Online ] . p.3. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.headsupscotland.co.uk/documents/PH012Guidance.pdf [ Accessed 28 July 2010 ] National Obesity Forum, n.d. Welcome to the National Obesity Forum [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nationalobesityforum.org.uk/ [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] ‘Parliamentary concern ‘ , 2010. Report examines chlamydia testing plan [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.parliament.uk/business/news/2010/01/report-examines-chlamydia-screening-programme/ [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Stewart, S. , Cutler, D. & A ; Rosen, A. , 2009. The New England Journal of Medicine. Forecasting the Effects of Obesity and Smoking on U.S. Life Expectancy [ Online ] . 361, p.2252-2260. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0900459 [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Wild, S. , Roglic, G. , Green, A. , Sicree, R. & A ; King, H. , 2004. Diabetes Care. Global prevalence of diabetes [ Online ] . 27 ( 5 ) , p.1048. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/diabetes/facts/en/diabcare0504.pdf [ Accessed 30 July 2010 ] World Health Organization, 2010. Global Tuberculosis Control WHO Report 2009 [ Online ] . p.145. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //apps.who.int/globalatlas/predefinedReports/TB/PDF_Files/zaf.pdf [ Accessed 29 July 2010 ] World Health Organization, 2010. Prevalence of Diabetes [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/diabetes/actionnow/en/mapdiabprev.pdf [ Accessed 29 July 2010 ]

Zeashawn Choudhry Essay

Zeashawn Choudhry Essay Zeashawn Choudhry Essay TOP STORIES FRANCE BUSINESS / TECH 4 AFRICA SPORT MIDDLE EAST CULTURE OPED Recommend 111 EUROPE LIFE AMERICAS REPORTAGES Send Tw eet ASIA / PACIFIC TV SHOWS 4 OBSERVERS SOCIAL TV 0 WEATHER BLOGS Share TRAVEL 1 Search the website (/en/20131031-france-hollande-refuses-budge-75-percent-tax-football-ligue-1#comments) LATEST UPDATE: 01/11/2013 - ECONOMY (/EN/CATEGORY/TAGS-POUR-LES-ARTICLES/ECONOMY) - FOOTBALL (/EN/CATEGORY/TAGS-POUR-LES-ARTICLES/FOOTBALL-0) - FRANCE (/EN/CATEGORY/TAGS-POUR-LES-ARTICLES/FRANCE-0) - FRANÇOIS HOLLANDE (/EN/CATEGORY/TAGS-TH%C3%A9MATIQUES/FRAN%C3%A7OIS-HOLLANDE) FRENCH ECONOMY (/EN/CATEGORY/TAGS-THEMATIQUES/FRENCH-ECONOMY) - LIGUE 1 (/EN/CATEGORY/TAGS-THEMATIQUES/LIGUE-1) - TAXES (/EN/CATEGORY/TAGS-THEMATIQUES/TAX) Hollande refuses to exempt footballers from 75% tax French President Franà §ois Hollande said on Thursday that he would not exempt professional football players from a proposed 75 percent income tax, prompting the country’s top clubs to state that the planned November strike would now go ahead.  © AFP By FRANCE 24 (/en/category/tags-auteurs/france-24) Follow (text) French President Franà §ois Hollande (http://w w w .france24.com/en/category/tags-th%C3%A9matiques/fran%C3%A7oishollande?page=1) showed football clubs the red card on Thursday in the face of protests over plans to impose a 75 percent tax (http://w w w .france24.com/en/20131024-france-top-football-clubs-go-strike-over-75-percent-tax) on earnings over one million euros a year. The Socialist president refused to budge on the issue after meeting the chiefs of some of the country’s top tier football clubs (http://w w w .france24.com/en/category/tags-thematiques/ligue-1) earlier in the day, who have threatened to strike over the tax. The Union of Professional Football Clubs (UCPF), which represents France’s first and second division teams, stated that they would now go ahead with plans to strike at the end of November in response to Hollande’s position. The UCPF has argued

The Plant History of the Marvelous Soybean

The Plant History of the Marvelous Soybean Soybean (Glycine max) is believed to have been domesticated from its wild relative Glycine soja, in China between 6,000 and 9,000 years ago, although the specific region is unclear. The problem is, the current geographic range of wild soybeans is throughout East Asia and extending into neighboring regions such as the Russian far east, the Korean peninsula and Japan. Scholars suggest that, as with many other domesticated plants, the process of soybean domestication was a slow one, perhaps taking place over a period of between 1,000-2,000 years. Domesticated and Wild Traits Wild soybeans grow in the form of creepers with many lateral branches, and it has a comparatively longer growing season than the domesticated version, flowering later than cultivated soybean. Wild soybean produces tiny black seeds rather than large yellow ones, and its pods shatter easily, promoting long distance seed dispersal, which farmers generally disapprove of. Domestic landraces are smaller, bushier plants with upright stems; cultivars such as that for edamame have erect and compact stem architecture, high harvest percentages and and high seed yield. Other traits bred in by ancient farmers include pest and disease resistance, increased yield, improved quality, male sterility and fertility restoration; but wild beans are still more adaptive to a wider range of natural environments and are resistant to drought and salt stress. History of Use and Development To date, the earliest documented evidence for the use of Glycine of any kind comes from charred plant remains of wild soybean recovered from Jiahu in Henan province China, a Neolithic site occupied between 9000 and 7800 calendar years ago (cal bp). DNA-based evidence for soybeans has been recovered from the early Jomon component levels of Sannai Maruyama, Japan (ca. 4800-3000 BC). Beans from Torihama in the Fukui prefecture of Japan were AMS dated to 5000 cal bp: those beans are plenty large enough to represent the domestic version. The Middle Jomon [3000-2000 BC) site of Shimoyakebe had soybeans, one of which was AMS dated to between 4890-4960 cal BP. It is considered domestic based on size; soybean impressions on Middle Jomon pots are also significantly larger than wild soybeans. Bottlenecks and the Lack of Genetic Diversity The genome of wild soybeans was reported in 2010 (Kim et al). While most scholars agree that DNA supports a single point of origin, the effect of that domestication has created some unusual characteristics. One readily visible, keen difference between wild and domestic soybean exists: the domestic version has about half the nucleotide diversity than that which is found in wild soybeanthe percentage of loss varies from cultivar to cultivar. A study published in 2015 (Zhao et al.) suggests that the genetic diversity was reduced by 37.5% in the early domestication process, and then another 8.3% in later genetic improvements. According to Guo et al., that might well have been related to Glycine spps ability to self-pollinate. Historical Documentation The earliest historical evidence for soybean use comes from Shang dynasty reports, written sometime between 1700-1100 BC. Whole beans were cooked or fermented into a paste and used in various dishes. By the Song Dynasty (960-1280 AD), soybeans had an explosion of uses; and in the 16th century AD, the beans spread throughout southeast Asia. The first recorded soybean in Europe was in Carolus Linnaeuss Hortus Cliffortianus, compiled in 1737. Soybeans were first grown for ornamental purposes in England and France; in 1804 Yugoslavia, they were grown as a supplement in animal feed. The first documented use in the US was in 1765, in Georgia. In 1917, it was discovered that heating soybean meal made it suitable as livestock feed, which led to the growth of the soybean processing industry. One of the American proponents was Henry Ford, who was interested in both nutritional and industrial use of soybeans. Soy was used to make plastic parts for Fords Model T automobile. By the 1970s, the US supplied 2/3 of the worlds soybeans, and in 2006, the US, Brazil and Argentina grew 81% of the world production. Most of the USA and Chinese crops are used domestically, those in South America are exported to China. Modern Uses Soybeans contain 18% oil and 38% protein: they are unique among plants in that they supply protein equal in quality to animal protein. Today, the main use (about 95%) is as edible oils with the rest for industrial products from cosmetics and hygiene products to paint removers and plastics. The high protein makes it useful for livestock and aquaculture feeds. A smaller percentage is used to make soy flour and protein for human consumption, and an even smaller percentage is used as edamame. In Asia, soybeans are used in a variety of edible forms, including tofu, soymilk, tempeh, natto, soy sauce, bean sprouts, edamame and many others. The creation of cultivars continues, with new versions suitable for growing in different climates (Australia, Africa, Scandinavian countries) and or for developing different traits making soybean suitable for human use as grains or beans, animal consumption as forage or supplements, or industrial uses in the production of soy textiles and papers. Visit the SoyInfoCenter website to learn more about that. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Plant Domestication, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Anderson JA. 2012. Evaluation of soybean recombinant inbred lines for yield potential and resistance to Sudden Death Syndrome. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Crawford GW. 2011. Advances in Understanding Early Agriculture in Japan. Current Anthropology 52(S4):S331-S345. Devine TE, and Card A. 2013. Forage soybeans. In: Rubiales D, editor. Legume Perspectives: Soybean: A Dawn to the Legume World. Dong D, Fu X, Yuan F, Chen P, Zhu S, Li B, Yang Q, Yu X, and Zhu D. 2014. Genetic diversity and population structure of vegetable soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in China as revealed by SSR markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 61(1):173-183. Guo J, Wang Y, Song C, Zhou J, Qiu L, Huang H, and Wang Y. 2010. A single origin and moderate bottleneck during domestication of soybean (Glycine max): implications from microsatellites and nucleotide sequences. Annals of Botany 106(3):505-514. Hartman GL, West ED, and Herman TK. 2011. Crops that feed the World 2. Soybean- worldwide production, use, and constraints caused by pathogens and pests. Food Security 3(1):5-17. Kim MY, Lee S, Van K, Kim T-H, Jeong S-C, Choi I-Y, Kim D-S, Lee Y-S, Park D, Ma J et al. 2010. Whole-genome sequencing and intensive analysis of the undomesticated soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.) genome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(51):22032-22037. Li Y-h, Zhao S-c, Ma J-x, Li D, Yan L, Li J, Qi X-t, Guo X-s, Zhang L, He W-m et al. 2013. Molecular footprints of domestication and improvement in soybean revealed by whole genome re-sequencing. BMC Genomics 14(1):1-12. Zhao S, Zheng F, He W, Wu H, Pan S, and Lam H-M. 2015. Impacts of nucleotide fixation during soybean domestication and improvement. BMC Plant Biology 15(1):1-12. Zhao Z. 2011. New Archaeobotanic Data for the Study of the Origins of Agriculture in China. Current Anthropology 52(S4):S295-S306.